This article aims to share key insights and examples of setting carbon targets and how to develop an organisation’s decarbonisation strategy.
We delve into the rationale behind setting carbon targets, determine the steps involved in setting carbon targets, the importance of developing a base year and recalculation policy, and look into some illustrative examples of actions to reduce Scope 3 emissions.
Why set carbon targets?
The increasing global focus on sustainability, particularly climate reporting, has led many organisations to set carbon targets. Ultimately, organisations want to reduce their carbon footprint by working towards decarbonisation and contributing to global efforts to limit global warming. The development of targets plays a strategic role in driving the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and helping to mitigate climate change.Organisations are often driven by compliance, which will become more prevalent as mandatory sustainability reporting develops, or stakeholder expectations – including investors, customers and employees.
Setting carbon targets can also help to:
- Ensure the issue is factored into relevant decisions, like product and service offerings, or materials and technologies used
- Minimise and manage GHG risks,
- Achieve cost savings and stimulate innovation,
- Prepare for future regulations, and
- Demonstrate leadership and corporate responsibility.
Steps in setting a carbon target
Setting a carbon target begins with establishing a baseline carbon footprint, which involves calculating the organisation’s carbon emissions in an identified ‘baseline’ year. To do this, it is important to consider:
- Boundary setting for the organisation and operations,
- Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions – expected to be mandatory from the first year of reporting, and
- Scope 3 emissions – understood to be mandatory in the second year of reporting, and ongoing.
Relevant carbon footprint frameworks
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol) supports organisations globally by providing 'standards, guidance, tools and training' for measuring and managing emissions. The GHG Protocol is framework-agnostic and designed to provide consistency and transparency.The GHG Protocol outlines a 10-step process for setting a carbon target:
- Secure senior management commitment – this is particularly important at Board and CEO levels to ensure behaviour change and accountability,
- Choose the target type – absolute (i.e. reduction over time in a specified quantity of GHG emissions, typically expressed as tonnes of CO2e) or intensity-based (i.e. a reduction of GHG emissions relative to another business metric),
- Define the target boundaries – to determine which GHGs, geographic operations, sources and activities are covered. This may be the same as the inventory boundary,
- Select the base year – this can be a fixed target base year, or rolling target base year,
- Define the target completion date – to establish if the plan is short- or long-term,
- Determine the target commitment period – to clarify the period during which the emissions performance will be measured against the target, ending with the completion date,
- Identify the role of offsets and carbon credits –compared with internal reductions or via reduction projects to reduce emissions at the source. It is important to note whether offsets are used, and the proportion of the reduction achieved through offsets or credits,
- Establish a target double counting policy – to specify how reductions and trades will be reconciled with the corporate target, and which types of double counting will be regarded as relevant,
- Decide on the target level – by understanding the key drivers and relationships between GHG emissions and other business metrics, while also factoring in growth plans, benchmarking and other mitigation strategies, and
- Track and report progress to measure performance and maintain credibility.
Develop a base year recalculation policy
A recalculation policy is essential for tracking progress against targets. It considers organic growth and industry specific factors that may impact target setting. The policy should also address the potential need for recalculating base year emissions due to significant changes, such as structural changes within the organisations, changes to calculation methodologies, or changes in the categories of activities included.Within the policy, establish a significance threshold to clarify what will be considered a catalyst to recalculate the baseline, for example, a 10% change in emissions. However, organic growth or decline is excluded from recalculations to reflect actual emission changes. By adhering to these guidelines, companies can track their emissions effectively and develop a robust decarbonisation strategy that reflects true performance over time.
Examples for reducing Scope 3 emissions
Reducing Scope 3 emissions can be difficult, as an organization might have influence but not control over the emissions. However, there are various actions and opportunities to approach reducing the organization’s Scope3 emissions. Examples of approaches can include:
- Supply chain optimisation - Collaborating with suppliers for sustainable practices,
- Transportation strategies - Promoting lower-emission transport and optimising networks,
- Technology investments - Investing in energy-efficient and renewable technologies, and
- Employee engagement – Raising awareness and encouraging sustainable behaviours.